Gusaba imbabazi, gusubiza ibihangano no gutanga indishyi: Uko Afurika ishaka kurenganurwa ku byakozwe n’abakoloni
Mu 1995, Umunyarwandakazi witwaga Perusi Kagaju yabashije kongera guhura n’umwe mu bahungu be mu Bubiligi, nyuma y’imyaka myinshi batandukanye. Abo bahungu babiri bari barajyanywe mu Burayi bakiri bato, batabiherewe uburenganzira na nyina, bagiye kurerwa n’umuryango w’Ababiligi.
Nubwo yongeye kubona umwe muri bo, nta cyashoboraga kumusubiza imyaka yari yaramaze atari kumwe n’abana be. Inkuru ye ni imwe mu zigaragaza uburyo ivangura n’ubusumbane byashinze imizi mu gihe cy’ubukoloni byakomeje kugira ingaruka ku miryango y’Abanyafurika, ndetse na nyuma y’uko ibihugu byabo bibonewe ubwigenge.
Kagaju yapfuye mu 2000, ariko amateka ye ntiyibagiranye. Ubu ari mu zifashishwa n’abashakashatsi mu kugaragaza akarengane kagiriwe abagore b’Abanyarwandakazi babyaye abana b’Abametisi, bamwe muri bo bakajyanwa mu Bubiligi batandukanyijwe na ba nyina.
Ni amwe mu mateka agaragaza uburemere bw’ikibazo cy’indishyi z’akarengane ko mu bihe byashize, cyagarutsweho mu nama ya 15 y’Umuryango w’Abanyafurika b’Impuguke mu Mategeko Mpuzamahanga (AfSIL), yabereye i Kigali ku wa 6 n’uwa 7 Ugushyingo 2026.
Muri iyo nama, Minisitiri w’Ubutabera w’u Rwanda, Emmanuel Ugirashebuja, yagaragaje icyizere cy’uko Afurika izatangira kubona indishyi z’akarengane yagiriwe mu gihe cy’ubukoloni n’ubucakara, nubwo zishobora gutangwa mu bundi buryo butari amafaranga.
Mu kiganiro yagiranye na CGTN Africa, Ugirashebuja yagize ati:
“Nizera ko mu gihe tukiriho tuzatangira kubona indishyi mu buryo bumwe cyangwa ubundi. Zishobora kutaba amafaranga, ariko nibura hakabaho uburyo bwo gutanga indishyi.”
Aya magambo aje mu gihe Afurika ikomeje gushaka uburyo akarengane ko mu mateka kabonerwa ibisubizo bifatika, aho kugarukira ku kwibuka ibyabaye no gusaba ko abakoze ayo makosa babyemera.
Ababyeyi bambuwe abana n’amateka yashatse kwibagiza ububabare bwabo
Ubushakashatsi bwa Dr. Alice Urusaro Karekezi, Nicki Hitchcott na John D. McInally bugaragaza uburyo ubutegetsi bw’abakoloni b’Ababiligi bwatandukanyije abana b’Abametisi na ba nyina b’Abanyafurikakazi, bamwe bakoherezwa mu Burayi, abandi bagashyirwa mu bigo by’imfubyi nyamara bavukijwe kubaho bari kumwe n’ababibarutse kubera inkomoko yabo.
Abametisi ni abana bavukaga ku babyeyi b’Abanyafurika n’ab’Abanyaburayi. Mu gihe cy’ubukoloni bw’Ababiligi, bamwe muri abo bana bafatwaga mu buryo bwihariye bushingiye ku ivangura, bigatuma batandukanywa n’imiryango yabo.
Ubushakashatsi bw’izi mpuguke, bwasohotse mu kinyamakuru ‘Archives and Records,’ bugaragaza ko hagati ya 1958 na 1961, abana 283 b’Abametisi bakuwe muri Ruanda-Urundi, icyo gihe yari igizwe n’u Rwanda n’u Burundi, bakajyanwa mu Bubiligi.
Bamwe bashyizwe mu bigo by’imfubyi, abandi bahabwa imiryango ibarera. Abenshi ntibongeye kubona ba nyina bababyaye.
Inyandiko zo mu bubiko bw’amateka y’ubukoloni bw’Ababiligi zagaragaje ko, mu gihe byavugwaga ko bamwe muri abo babyeyi bari barataye abana babo ku bushake, hari abari barashyizweho igitutu cyangwa bakamburwa uburenganzira bwo gufata ibyemezo ku bana babo.
Abashakashatsi banagaragaje ko kutabona inyandiko zibitse amateka y’abo bana n’ababyeyi babo byakomeje kuba imbogamizi ku miryango ishaka kumenya ukuri kw’ibyabaye.
Mu kiganiro cya CGTN Africa, Dr. Alice Urusaro Karekezi yasobanuye ko akomeje gukorana n’impuguke zo muri Kaminuza ya St Andrews mu Bwongereza kugira ngo ayo mateka arusheho kumenyekana.
Yagize ati:
“Ubu ndi gukora ubushakashatsi ku babyeyi b’Abanyarwandakazi babyaye abana b’Abametisi mu gihe cy’ubukoloni. Ndabukorana na bagenzi banjye bo muri Kaminuza ya St Andrews, Porofeseri Nicki Hitchcott na Dr John McInally.”
Yasobanuye ko ubushakashatsi bwabo bwibanda ku buryo abo babyeyi batakaje ijambo ku buzima bw’abana babo, ndetse n’uburyo amateka yabo yasigaye inyuma mu nyandiko zivuga ku ngaruka z’ubukoloni.
Mu bushakashatsi bwihariye kuri Perusi Kagaju, bwatangajwe ku wa 16 Kanama 2026 mu kinyamakuru Eastern African Literary and Cultural Studies, aba bashakashatsi bagaragaje ko abahungu be babiri boherejwe mu Bubiligi mu myaka ya 1970, nyuma y’uko u Rwanda rubonye ubwigenge.
Amateka ye atandukanye n’ay’abana bajyanywe mu Bubiligi hagati ya 1958 na 1961, ariko agaragaza uburyo imyumvire n’ubusumbane byasizwe n’ubukoloni byakomeje kugira ingaruka ku mibanire y’ababyeyi n’abana.
Ubwo bushakashatsi bwifashishije ubuhamya bw’umukobwa wa Kagaju, Julienne Toch, kugira ngo bugaragaze urugamba nyina yarwanye ashaka kongera kubona abahungu be no gukomeza kumenyekanisha ko ari we wababyaye.
Ku bashakashatsi, kwandika amateka y’abo bagore ni uburyo bwo kubasubiza umwanya bambuwe mu mateka, ariko kandi bikaba n’intambwe yo gushaka ubutabera ku karengane bagiriwe.
U Bubiligi bwemeye amakosa y’ubukoloni, urukiko rutegeka indishyi
Mu 2019, Charles Michel, wari Minisitiri w’Intebe w’u Bubiligi, yasabye imbabazi mu izina rya Leta yari akuriye ku ivangura, gutandukanya abana b’Abametisi n’imiryango yabo ndetse no kubajyana mu Bubiligi mu gihe cy’ubukoloni.
Icyakora, gusaba imbabazi ntibyahise bikemura ibibazo byose by’abakorewe ako karengane.
Ku wa 2 Ukuboza 2024, Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rw’i Bruxelles rwafashe umwanzuro mu rubanza rw’abagore batanu b’Abametisi bavukiye muri Congo, bari barakuwe kuri ba nyina mu gihe cy’ubukoloni.
Urukiko rwemeje ko ibyo Leta y’u Bubiligi yakoze byari ibyaha byibasiye inyokomuntu, rutegeka ko abo bagore bahabwa indishyi.
Buri wese yemerewe indishyi z’amayero 50.000, kubera ingaruka zo gutandukanywa na nyina, kwamburwa uburenganzira bwo gukurira mu muryango we no guhungabanyirizwa umwirondoro.
Uyu mwanzuro wagaragaje ko hari aho amategeko ashobora gukoreshwa mu kurenganura abantu bakorewe akarengane mu gihe cy’ubukoloni, nubwo hashize imyaka myinshi. Icyakora, indishyi zitangwa na zo zishobora kutangana n’uburemere bw’akarengane kakozwe, kuko amafaranga yagenewe buri wese muri abo bagore adashobora gusubiza imyaka bamaze batandukanye na ba nyina, uburenganzira bavukijwe bwo gukurira mu miryango yabo, cyangwa ngo akureho ingaruka z’ihungabana bagize.
Hari gukorwa ubushakashatsi ku miryango y’abana benshi b’Abametisi bagiye batandukanywa n’ababibarutse mu gihe cy’Ubukoloni muri Afurika
Ibi byongera kugaragaza ko indishyi z’amafaranga zonyine zidahagije mu gukemura akarengane nk’ako, ahubwo hakenewe n’izindi ngamba zo kurenganura abagizweho ingaruka. Ntiwavuga ko abantu bose bagizweho ingaruka n’ubukoloni bahise bagira uburenganzira bwo guhabwa indishyi.
Icyakora, byabaye urugero rw’uko ibirego bishingiye ku mateka bishobora gusuzumwa n’inkiko.
“Indishyi ntizigomba kuba amafaranga gusa” - Minisitiri Ugirashebuja
Mu nama yabereye i Kigali, Minisitiri Ugirashebuja yagaragaje ko akarengane ko mu bihe byashize kagifite ingaruka ku bantu n’imiryango, bityo hakenewe uburyo bwo kugakemura.
Yagize ati:
“Hari ibyangiritse byinshi byatewe n’ibikorwa byo mu bihe byashize, nk’ubukoloni, ubucakara, ndetse kuri twe hano mu Rwanda, Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi. Ibyo byose ni ibyangiritse byo mu bihe byashize. Ariko se ikibazo cy’indishyi tugikemura dute?”
Yakomeje ahamya ko indishyi zifite agaciro zitagomba buri gihe kuba amafaranga. Zishobora gutangwa binyuze mu gusaba imbabazi ku mugaragaro, kwemera amakosa yakozwe, gusubiza ibihugu bya Afurika ibihangano n’ibindi bintu by’umurage ndangamuco byatwawe mu gihe cy’ubukoloni, ndetse no gushyiraho izindi gahunda zo kurenganura ababigiriyemo ingaruka.
Minisitiri Ugirashebuja yanagaragaje ikibazo cy’indishyi ku barokotse Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu 1994, ashingiye ku cyuho cyagaragaye mu mikorere y’Urukiko Mpanabyaha Mpuzamahanga rwashyiriweho u Rwanda (ICTR).
Yavuze ko nubwo urwo rukiko rwaburanishije rugahamya ibyaha bamwe mu bagize uruhare muri Jenoside, amategeko yarushyizeho atarugeneye ububasha bwo gutanga indishyi ku bo yagizeho ingaruka.
Mu nama yabereye i Kigali, Minisitiri Ugirashebuja yagaragaje ko akarengane ko mu bihe byashize kagifite ingaruka ku bantu n’imiryango, bityo hakenewe uburyo bwo kugakemura.
Minisitiri Ugirasebuja yavuze ko icyo ari icyuho gikomeye, kuko abantu babuze ababo, abakomeretse n’abangirijwe imitungo batashoboraga guhabwa indishyi binyuze muri urwo rukiko.
Kuri we, kuba indishyi zidashobora gusubiza ubuzima abishwe cyangwa ngo zihanagure ububabare bwavuye muri Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi ntibikuraho agaciro ko gushaka uburyo bwo kurenganura abayirokotse.
Afurika yatangiye urugendo rushya rwo gusaba indishyi
Ibiganiro byabereye i Kigali byaje bikurikira izindi ntambwe zafashwe ku rwego rwa Afurika n’Umuryango w’Abibumbye.
Mu 2025, Umuryango wa Afurika Yunze Ubumwe (AU) wahariye uwo mwaka gahunda yo guharanira ubutabera n’indishyi ku Banyafurika n’ababakomokaho bagizweho ingaruka n’ubucakara, ubukoloni n’andi makosa yo mu mateka.
Iyo gahunda yakomereje mu bikorwa biteganyijwe mu myaka ikurikiyeho, bigamije guhuza ibihugu bya Afurika mu rugamba rwo gusaba ko ayo mateka yemerwa kandi hagashyirwaho uburyo bwo kurenganura abayagizweho ingaruka.
Ku wa 25 Werurwe 2026, Inteko Rusange y’Umuryango w’Abibumbye yatoye umwanzuro watanzwe na Ghana, wemeza ko icuruzwa ry’Abanyafurika bajyanwaga mu bucakara bwambukiranyaga inyanja ya Atlantika, hamwe n’ubucakara bushingiye ku ivangura ry’amoko, byari icyaha gikomeye cyane cyibasiye inyokomuntu.
Uwo mwanzuro washyigikiwe n’ibihugu 123, bitatu birawanga, naho 52 birifata. Ibihugu byawurwanyije ni Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika, Israel na Argentine.
Nubwo uwo mwanzuro udafite imbaraga zo gutegeka ibihugu gutanga indishyi, wasabye ko hakorwa ibishoboka mu kwemera akarengane ko mu mateka, gusaba imbabazi no gushyigikira ingamba zo gutanga indishyi.
Minisitiri Ugirashebuja yavuze ko uyu mwanzuro ari imwe mu mpamvu zatumye inama y’i Kigali ibera mu gihe gikwiye, kuko ibiganiro ku ndishyi bigenda birushaho guhabwa umwanya mu mategeko no muri politiki mpuzamahanga.
Ni iki kigoye mu kubona indishyi?
Nubwo hari intambwe zimaze guterwa, kubona indishyi z’akarengane ko mu mateka biracyafite imbogamizi zikomeye.
Haracyari ibibazo byo kumenya igihugu cyangwa urwego rugomba kubazwa amakosa yakozwe, abantu bafite uburenganzira bwo gusaba indishyi, agaciro k’ibyo bahombye, ndetse n’urukiko rwagira ububasha bwo kuburanisha ibyo birego.
Prof. Martins Paparinskis, umwe mu bagize Komisiyo y’Umuryango w’Abibumbye ishinzwe Amategeko Mpuzamahanga, we yavuze ko hari ubushakashatsi bukorwa ku buryo bwo kugena indishyi ku bikorwa binyuranyije n’amategeko mpuzamahanga.
Yasobanuye ko harimo kureba ibirego bijyanye n’intambara, ishoramari, uburenganzira bwa muntu n’ibindi bikorwa bishobora gutuma habaho inshingano zo kwishyura indishyi.
Ikibazo cy’akarengane ko mu mateka na cyo gishobora gusuzumwa muri urwo rwego, bitewe n’amategeko akurikizwa n’imiterere y’ikirego.
Umucamanza Dire Tladi wo mu Rukiko Mpuzamahanga rw’Ubutabera (ICJ), na we yagaragaje ko amategeko mpuzamahanga agenga indishyi atajyanye n’ihinduka ry’ibibazo isi ihura na byo.
Yavuze ko amwe mu mahame agenga indishyi ashingiye ku mitekerereze y’amategeko yo mu myaka ya 1920, mu gihe ubu hari ibibazo bikomeye birimo ibyaha byibasiye inyokomuntu, Jenoside n’ingaruka z’imihindagurikire y’ibihe.
Ku bwe, ni ngombwa kongera gusuzuma ayo mahame kugira ngo ashobore gufasha mu gukemura ibibazo bireba abantu benshi, aho igihombo kidashobora kubarwa mu mafaranga gusa.
Perezida wa AfSIL, Moïse Makane Mbengue, yasabye ibihugu bya Afurika kugira umurongo bihuriyeho ku ndishyi no kugira uruhare rugaragara mu ivugururwa ry’amategeko mpuzamahanga.
Yagaragaje ko indishyi zishobora no kuba gusubizwa ibihangano byatwawe mu gihe cy’ubukoloni, kugabanyirizwa cyangwa gukurirwaho imyenda, ndetse no kubona ubufasha bwo guhangana n’ingaruka z’imihindagurikire y’ibihe, bitewe n’ubwoko bw’akarengane kagomba gukosorwa.
Ubutabera burenze kwishyura amafaranga
Ku babyeyi nka Perusi Kagaju, indishyi ntizishobora gusubiza imyaka bamaranye agahinda ko gutandukanywa n’abana babo.
Nta mafaranga ashobora gukuraho burundu ububabare bw’umubyeyi wambuwe umwana, cyangwa ngo asubize igihe imiryango yamaze yaratatanye.
Ariko kumenya ukuri kw’ibyabaye, kwemera amakosa yakozwe, guha agaciro ubuhamya bw’abakorewe akarengane no gushyiraho uburyo bwo kubarenganura, ni zimwe mu ntambwe zishobora gufasha gukosora ibyasizwe n’ayo mateka.
Ni na yo mpamvu ubushakashatsi bwa Dr Karekezi na bagenzi be bufite umwanya wihariye muri izi mpaka. Ntibugarukira ku kugaragaza abana batandukanyijwe n’imiryango yabo, ahubwo bunagaragaza ubuzima bw’ababyeyi babo, akenshi batigeze bahabwa ijambo ngo bavuge ibyababayeho.
Ku rundi ruhande, ibiganiro byabereye i Kigali byagaragaje ko hakiri urugendo rurerure rwo kuva ku kwemera akarengane ko mu mateka kugera ku gushyiraho uburyo bw’amategeko butuma indishyi ziboneka.
Icyizere cya Minisitiri Ugirashebuja ni uko uru rugendo ruzatangira gutanga umusaruro mu gihe abariho ubu bakiriho.
Ku mugabane wa Afurika, ikibazo ntikikiri ukumenya gusa niba akarengane karabayeho. Ahubwo ni ukumenya uko abakarakoze babazwa inshingano, uko abakagiriwe barenganurwa, n’uko ingaruka zako zitakomeza guhererekanywa uko ibisekuru bisimburana.
Perezida wa AfSIL, Moïse Makane Mbengue, yasabye ibihugu bya Afurika kugira umurongo bihuriyeho ku ndishyi no kugira uruhare rugaragara mu ivugururwa ry’amategeko mpuzamahanga
Mu mpera z’icyumweru gishize i Kigali hari hateraniye Inama Ngarukamwaka ya African Society of International Law
Minisitiri w’Ubutabera w’u Rwanda, Emmanuel Ugirashebuja, yagaragaje icyizere cy’uko Afurika izatangira kubona indishyi z’akarengane yagiriwe mu gihe cy’ubukoloni n’ubucakara