Ubushyuhe bukabije n’imvura nyinshi biri mu byongera ibyago by’indwara mu Rwanda
Imvura nyinshi, imyuzure, amapfa n’ubushyuhe bukabije biri mu bintu bishobora kongera ibyago by’indwara nka malariya, impiswi na bilariziyo mu Rwanda. Ibihe by’imvura kandi bishobora kubangamira ingendo z’abagana amavuriro, mu gihe ibigo nderabuzima bimwe bigifite intege nke mu kwitegura amapfa, ubushyuhe bukabije n’ihagarara ry’amashanyarazi.
Ibi ni bimwe mu byagaragajwe n’isesengura rya mbere ryimbitse rya Minisiteri y’Ubuzima ryiga uko imihindagurikire y’ibihe igira ingaruka ku buzima bw’Abanyarwanda n’ubushobozi bw’inzego z’ubuzima bwo guhangana na zo.
Mu buhamya bukubiye muri raporo, umwe mu bajyanama b’ubuzima yagize ati: “Mu bihe by’imvura, tubona abana benshi barwaye impiswi bitewe n’amazi yanduye atemba, n’imyanda itwarwa n’amazi ikajya mu migezi.”
Umuyobozi w’ikigo nderabuzima na we yagize ati: “Iyo ibiraro bitwawe n’amazi, abantu ntibabasha kugera ku bigo nderabuzima.”
Raporo yitwa Rwanda Climate and Health Vulnerability and Adaptation Assessment, igaragara ku rubuga rwa Minisiteri y’Ubuzima kuva ku wa 23 Ukwakira 2026, yakozwe ku bufatanye na Clinton Health Access Initiative (CHAI), ku nkunga y’Ikigo cy’Abafaransa gishinzwe Iterambere (AFD), UNICEF na UNFPA.
Yakoresheje imibare y’ubuzima yo mu turere twose uko ari 30, cyane cyane iyo hagati ya 2019 na 2024, ihuzwa n’amakuru y’ubushyuhe, imvura n’ubuhehere. Hasuzumwe kandi ibitaro 10 by’uturere, hanakusanywa ubuhamya bw’abakozi n’abayobozi mu rwego rw’ubuzima.
Mu ijambo ry’ibanze ry’iyi raporo, Minisitiri w’Ubuzima, Dr Sabin Nsanzimana, yagize ati: “Imihindagurikire y’ibihe ntikiri ikibazo cya kure ku Rwanda; ni ikintu kigena umunsi ku wundi uko ubuzima bw’abaturage bumeze.”
Ubushyuhe buriyongera, imyuzure n’inkangu bikibasira abaturage
Iyi raporo igaragaza ko impuzandengo y’ubushyuhe mu Rwanda yiyongereyeho dogere selisiyusi 1,4 kuva mu 1970, ikigereranyo kiri hejuru y’icy’izamuka ry’ubushyuhe ku isi. Iteganya ko mu 2030 ubushyuhe bushobora kuba bwarazamutseho hafi dogere selisiyusi 0,9 kugeza kuri 1, ugereranyije n’impuzandengo yo mu 1985–2014.
Mu biza bikunze kwibasira u Rwanda harimo imyuzure n’inkangu. Muri Gicurasi 2023, ibi biza byahitanye abantu 136, bikomeretsa 112, byangiza n’ibikorwa remezo birimo ibifasha abaturage kubona serivisi z’ubuzima.
Raporo igaragaza kandi ko hagati ya 2014 na 2024 imyuzure yangije amavomo rusange 144.
Ihumana ry’ikirere na ryo ni ikibazo. Mu turere twose uko ari 30, ibipimo by’uduce duto cyane duhumanya ikirere, twitwa PM2.5, byarenze urugero ntarengwa rw’ubuziranenge bw’umwuka rushyirwaho n’Ishami ry’Umuryango w’Abibumbye ryita ku Buzima (OMS).
Ikigereranyo cy’igihugu kiri hafi y’inshuro umunani z’urwo rugero, Rubavu ikaba iri mu turere twagaragaje ibipimo biri hejuru kurusha utundi.
Malariya, impiswi na bilariziyo zifitanye isano n’ibihe by’imvura
Mu mibare yasesenguwe, malariya yagaragaje ibihe bibiri by’ubwiyongere mu mwaka: muri Mutarama no mu Ukwakira.
Raporo isobanura ko ubuhehere bw’ikirere ari kimwe mu bipimo bifitanye isano ikomeye n’ihindagurika ry’ubwandu bwayo, imvura na yo ikabigiramo uruhare.
Gisagara, Nyamasheke, Kamonyi na Ruhango biri mu turere twagaragaje uburwayi bwa malariya buri hejuru ugereranyije n’icyari cyitezwe.
Nubwo raporo ivuga ko malariya yagabanutseho 85% hagati ya 2019 na 2022, iburira ko ihindagurika ry’ubushyuhe n’imvura rishobora kongera ibihe n’ahantu iyi ndwara ikwirakwira, bityo ingamba zo kuyirinda zikaba zigomba gukomeza.
Impiswi na zo zigaragaza isano n’ibihe by’imvura, by’umwihariko iyo amazi yo kunywa yanduye cyangwa uburyo bw’isuku bwangiritse.
Raporo igaragaza ko ubwiyongere bwazo bushobora kugaragara nyuma y’ibyumweru bine kugeza ku munani imvura iguye, kandi ko muri Gicurasi ari ho hagaragaye imibare iri hejuru mu gihe cyasesenguwe.
Ku ndwara ya bilariziyo, izwi na none nka schistosomiasis, uburwayi bwayo bwagaragaye cyane mu turere twegereye ikiyaga cya Kivu.
I Nyamasheke, igipimo cy’uburwayi cyari incuro 11,07 z’icyari cyitezwe hashingiwe ku mibare y’igihugu, hagakurikiraho Rubavu na Rutsiro.
Iyi ndwara yandurira mu mazi arimo udukoko tuyitera, cyane cyane mu gihe umuntu ahuye n’amazi yanduye.
Izindi ndwara na zo zigaragaza itandukaniro rishingiye ku turere n’ibihe. Umusonga n’izindi ndwara z’ubuhumekero zagaragaye cyane i Gicumbi na Burera; indwara zirimo asima zigaragara cyane mu Mujyi wa Kigali.
Ku mirire mibi y’abana bari munsi y’imyaka itanu, Nyamagabe yagaragaje igipimo kiri hejuru y’icyari cyitezwe ku rwego rw’igihugu incuro 3,12.
Ngororero, Gakenke na Nyamasheke mu turere twugarijwe kurusha utundi
Mu cyegeranyo cy’urutonde rw’uturere dufite ibyago byinshi by’ingaruka z’imihindagurikire y’ibihe ku buzima, Ngororero iza ku isonga, ikurikirwa na Gakenke, Nyamasheke, Karongi, Rutsiro na Rubavu.
Kicukiro, Rwamagana na Nyarugenge biri mu byagaragaje ibyago bike ku gipimo cyakoreshejwe muri iri sesengura.
Iri tandukaniro rifitanye isano n’imiterere y’ubutaka, ubwoko bw’ibiza, aho abaturage batuye n’ubushobozi bwo kubyirinda.
Mu Burengerazuba, imisozi ihanamye, imyuzure n’inkangu ni byo bibangamira cyane ibikorwa remezo; i Nyagatare na Gatsibo hakagaragara ibyago by’ubushyuhe n’amapfa; naho mu Mujyi wa Kigali, cyane cyane i Gasabo, ubushyuhe bwo mu mijyi n’imyuzure iterwa n’imvura nyinshi bikaba ibibazo by’ingenzi.
Ibitaro bimwe biracyafite intege nke mu kwitegura ibiza
Mu bitaro 10 byasuzumwe, ubushobozi bw’abakozi bwo kwitegura no guhangana n’ibiza bwagaragaje impuzandengo ya 42%.
Ku byerekeye kwitegura ubushyuhe bukabije, hari ibipimo byagaragaje urwego ruri hasi cyane. Ibikorwa by’amazi, isuku n’isukura byagize impuzandengo ya 69%, ibijyanye n’ingufu z’amashanyarazi 64%, naho inyubako, ikoranabuhanga n’uburyo bw’imikorere bigira 34%.
Ibi bipimo ntibivuze ko ibigo byose nderabuzima byo mu Rwanda biri kuri urwo rwego: bishingiye ku bitaro 10 byatoranyijwe.
Raporo yerekana ko mu byasuzumwe, imyiteguro yo guhangana n’ibiza bitunguranye nk’imyuzure n’imiyaga ikunze kuba myiza kurusha iyo guhangana n’amapfa, ubushyuhe bukabije n’ihagarara ry’amashanyarazi rimara igihe kirekire.
Umwe mu bayobozi b’ibitaro yagize ati: “Mu bihe by’izuba, akenshi tubura amazi. Ibitaro byacu bikoresha ibigega, kandi iyo amazi agabanutse duhamagara abayobozi ba WASAC, bagaha ibitaro umwanya wa mbere mu kuyongera.”
Undi muyobozi ushinzwe ubuzima mu karere na we yavuze ko inkuba yigeze gukubita ipoto igatwika ibikoresho byari bicometse, bituma abakozi bigishwa kubikuraho iyo ikirere kimeze nabi.
Ibibazo by’ikirere bishobora no kudindiza itangwa ry’ibikoresho byihutirwa.
Umwe mu bayobozi b’ibitaro yagize ati: “Iyo ikirere gihindutse, indege zabo nto zitagira abapilote ntizibasha kuguruka, bityo ibyo zitwara bigatinda. Ibi bigira ingaruka kuri serivisi kuko amaraso cyangwa ibindi bikoresho bya Zipline bitagerera igihe.”
Ku rwego rw’amavuriro y’ibanze, hari abayobozi bagaragaje ubushobozi buke bw’abakozi, ibikoresho n’inyubako.
Umuyobozi w’ivuriro ry’ibanze yagize ati: “Mvugishije ukuri ku ivuriro ryanjye, ubushobozi bwacu ni buke cyane. Sinavuga ko twiteguye no guhangana na 50% by’ingaruka imihindagurikire y’ibihe ishobora kugira ku buzima.”
Abagore batwite, abana n’abandi bafite ibyago byihariye
Raporo yagaragaje ko mu mibare yasesenguwe, impfu z’ababyeyi babyara zagiye zigaragaza ubwiyongere muri Gashyantare.
Ibi bishobora kuba bifitanye isano n’ibibazo by’ubwikorezi no kohereza abarwayi ku bitaro mu bihe by’imvura, ariko isesengura ntiryemeza ko imvura ari yo yonyine ibitera.
Mu turere tumwe tw’Iburasirazuba, abangavu bagize hagati ya 8% na 10% by’ababyariye kwa muganga mu gihe cyasesenguwe.
Raporo igaragaza kandi ko ibibazo by’ihohoterwa rishingiye ku gitsina byagaragaje ubwiyongere mu mezi ya Kanama kugeza mu Ukwakira, bityo igasaba ko serivisi z’ubuvuzi n’ubufasha bwo mu mitekerereze ziba zihari igihe cyose.
Mu matsinda y’abaturage raporo igaragaza ko akeneye kwitabwaho byihariye harimo impunzi n’abandi bavanywe mu byabo, bagereranywa n’abantu 137.000, abafite ubumuga bagera ku 392.000, n’abageze mu zabukuru bagera ku 863.000, hafi 82% muri bo bakaba batuye mu cyaro.
Iyi ni imibare yakoreshejwe mu isesengura, ntigomba gufatwa nk’ibarura rishya ry’uyu munsi.
Icyo Minisiteri y’Ubuzima isaba gukora
Raporo isaba ko inzego z’ubuzima zikoresha amakuru y’iteganyagihe n’ibipimo by’indwara mu kwitegura ibyago, byibura hagati y’ibyumweru bibiri na bine mbere y’ibihe bikunze kwanduriramo indwara nyinshi.
Mu ngamba zigaragazwa harimo guteganya inzitiramibu n’imiti yo kurwanya malariya, ibikoresho byo gupima, imiti n’amazi meza, ndetse no kurushaho gukurikirana ahantu hashobora kwibasirwa.
Irasaba kandi kugeza uburyo bwo kuburira abaturage hakiri kare mu turere twose, kongera ubushobozi bwo kubika imiti n’inkingo hifashishijwe ingufu z’imirasire y’izuba, no kubaka ibigo nderabuzima bishobora gukomeza gukora mu gihe habaye imyuzure, inkangu, amapfa cyangwa ibura ry’amashanyarazi.
Minisitiri Nsanzimana yagaragaje mu ijambo ry’ibanze ko abaturage bafite intege nke kurusha abandi ari bo bakwiye kubanza kungukira mu ishoramari rigamije gufasha urwego rw’ubuzima guhangana n’imihindagurikire y’ibihe.
Ibyavuye muri iri sesengura bizifashishwa mu gutegura no gushyira mu bikorwa Gahunda y’Igihugu yo guhangana n’ingaruka z’imihindagurikire y’ibihe mu rwego rw’ubuzima, izwi nka H-NAP, ya 2025–2030.
Raporo yanzura ko kurengera ubuzima bw’abaturage bisaba gukorera hamwe kw’inzego z’ubuzima, iz’ibidukikije, iz’ubuyobozi bw’inzego z’ibanze n’izishinzwe gukumira no guhangana n’ibiza.
Ishimangira ko hakenewe amakuru ahoraho, imishinga y’igihe kirekire n’ubushobozi bw’amavuriro bwo gukomeza gutanga serivisi n’iyo ikirere cyifashe nabi.